Epictetus

"Seek not the good in external things; seek it in yourselves."- Epictetus

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher who lived from around 50 CE to 135 CE. Born a slave in Hierapolis, Phrygia, he gained his freedom later in life and devoted himself entirely to philosophy. Despite his humble beginnings, Epictetus became one of the most influential figures in Stoicism, a school of thought that emphasises reason, self-discipline, and living in accordance with nature.

Unlike some philosophers, Epictetus did not write any books himself. What we know of his teachings comes primarily from the notes of his student Arrian, who recorded them in works such as the Discourses and the Enchiridion (or “Manual”). His philosophy focuses on distinguishing between what is within our control and what is not. According to Epictetus, we should concern ourselves only with our own actions, judgments, and attitudes, rather than external events or the behaviour of others. This approach, he argued, leads to true freedom and tranquillity.

Epictetus stressed the importance of virtue, reason, and inner strength. He taught that challenges and misfortunes are opportunities to practise patience, courage, and self-restraint. He believed that by mastering our responses and desires, we can achieve contentment regardless of circumstances. His teachings encourage a life guided by rational thought rather than emotional impulses.

Epictetus’ influence has extended far beyond the ancient world. His ideas shaped later Roman thinkers, such as Marcus Aurelius, and continue to inspire modern readers interested in self-improvement, resilience, and mindfulness. The practical nature of his philosophy, with its focus on daily conduct and personal responsibility, makes it remarkably relevant even today. Epictetus remains a symbol of Stoic wisdom, demonstrating how a disciplined mind can overcome adversity and achieve a serene and purposeful life.

The Body Of Work

The works of Epictetus are unique in that he himself did not write anything down. What we know of his philosophy comes entirely from the notes of his student Arrian, who recorded his teachings in two main collections:

1. Discourses (or Diatribai) – This is a series of informal lectures and conversations, originally eight books, of which only four survive. They capture Epictetus’s discussions with his students on a wide range of topics, including ethics, logic, and the Stoic approach to life. The Discourses present his ideas in a conversational style, emphasising practical application rather than abstract theory.

2. Enchiridion (or “Manual”) – This is a concise handbook summarising the essential principles of Epictetus’ philosophy. It is practical and highly accessible, offering guidance on how to live a virtuous and contented life. The Enchiridion focuses on distinguishing what is within our control—our own actions, beliefs, and desires—from what is not, such as external events or other people’s behaviour.

Together, these works form the foundation of Epictetus’ legacy. They focus on the practical application of Stoic philosophy, teaching that virtue, self-discipline, and rational thought are the path to true freedom and tranquillity. Unlike some other philosophical writings, Epictetus’s works are oriented towards daily life, offering advice on handling adversity, controlling emotions, and cultivating inner strength.

Although Epictetus did not author texts himself, the Discourses and Enchiridion have had a lasting impact. They influenced later Roman Stoics, particularly Marcus Aurelius, and continue to be widely read today by those seeking guidance on resilience, ethical living, and personal growth

Big Takeaways

1. Focus on what you can control
   Epictetus emphasised that the only things truly within our control are our own thoughts, actions, and responses. External events, other people’s behaviour, and outcomes are beyond our power, so worrying about them is futile. Mastery of oneself, he argued, leads to freedom and peace of mind.

2. Distinguish between desire and reality
   Suffering often arises from wanting things to be different what they are. Epictetus taught that we should accept reality as it is and align our desires with what naturally occurs, rather than resisting it. This leads to serenity and reduces unnecessary frustration.

3. Virtue is the highest good
   For Epictetus, living a virtuous life—practising wisdom, courage, justice, and self-discipline—is the ultimate goal. Material wealth, status, or external success are secondary; true happiness comes from moral character and inner integrity.

4. Use adversity as practice
   Challenges and hardships are opportunities to develop resilience, patience, and self-control. Epictetus viewed difficulties as exercises for the mind and character, teaching us to respond with reason rather than emotion.

5. Inner freedom comes from discipline
   External circumstances cannot enslave a person who masters their own mind. By training oneself to act rationally, maintain perspective, and avoid destructive impulses, one achieves inner freedom and tranquillity regardless of life’s uncertainties.